@Deglassco@mastodon.social

Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 3mo ago

Boosted by @MaryAustinBooks@mstdn.social

In 1866, a remarkable movement swept across the South. Thousands of formerly enslaved Black men and women appeared before Freedmen’s Bureau officials to legally register marriages that had often existed for years—-or even decades. It was one of the largest acts of family recognition in American history, yet few Americans know the story today. Image: Soldier and Companion. United States, ca. 1861–1865. Quarter-plate tintype. Unknown photographer. Jackie Napoleon Wilson Collection. 1/9

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Boosted by @hypebot@goingdark.social

This is Black Thunder, a Sioux man taken around 1908. Across the 18th and 19th centuries, boundaries between Black and Native worlds were not fixed but lived through enslavement, escape, intermarriage, alliance, and shared confrontation with a nation expanding over both. Yet records rarely capture that complexity. The portrait names him but does not explain. A man made visible, a history only partially told. Library of Congress. Source: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3c07322/ #history #photography

loc.gov

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

By 1900, much of what Reconstruction had built lay in ruins. Voting rights vanished. Segregation hardened. White supremacy became law. The South did not overturn Reconstruction by defeating the Union Army. It overturned Reconstruction by winning the argument about what freedom, citizenship, and democracy were supposed to mean. 4/14 Image:,State troopers watch as marchers cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama as part of a civil rights march on March 9, 1965. Bettmann Archive.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Four million formerly enslaved people answered that question for themselves. They built schools, churches, political organizations, newspapers, and voting blocs. Congress rewrote the Constitution. Black men entered public office across the South. For a brief moment, American democracy expanded as never before. 2/14 Image: The Freedmen's Schoolhouse in Smithfield is the last-of-its-kind in North Carolina. Collection of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

The backlash was immediate. Terrorists rode at night. Teachers were beaten. Voters were threatened and murdered. Elections were overturned. A new story had to be told: that democracy itself had become a threat, that Black citizenship meant corruption, and that freedom had gone too far. 3/14 Image 1: White crowd gathered before the burned offices of the Daily Record, Wilmington, NC, November 10, 1898. Photograph. North Carolina Room, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, NC.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Image: African American soldier in Union uniform with his wife and two daughters, 1863-1865. Liljenquist Collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppss.00400 Intellectual Map Primary Sources Congressional Globe. 39th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1866. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30867/ Douglass, Frederick. The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass. Reconstruction and After. Edited by Philip S. Foner. Vol IV. New York: International Publishers, 1950–1975. https://archive.org/details/lifewritingsoffr0000unse/page/n5/mode/1up 5/14

hdl.loc.gov

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

More Primary Sources Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. National Archives. https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=%22SIL!mig%2Ffb%22 Herbert, Hilary A., et al., eds. Why the Solid South? or Reconstruction and Its Results. Baltimore: R. H. Woodward, 1890. https://archive.org/details/WhyTheSolidSouth/page/n1/mode/1up Lynch, John Roy. The Facts of Reconstruction. New York: Neale Publishing, 1913. https://archive.org/details/factsofreconstruc00lync/page/n10/mode/1up Manly, Alexander. “The Daily Record Editorial.” August 18, 1898.. https://exhibits.lib.unc.edu/exhibits/show/1898/editorial 6/14

catalog.archives.gov

The online portal to the records held at the National Archives, and information about those records.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Still More Primary Sources Mississippi Constitutional Convention. Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Mississippi, Begun at the City of Jackson on August 12, 1890, Concluded November 1, 1890. Jackson, MS: E. L. Martin, 1890. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112059675287&seq=8 U.S. Congress. An Act to Enforce Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and Other Purposes (Ku Klux Klan Act). 17 Stat. 13 (1871). https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/the-enforcement-acts/ 7/14

babel.hathitrust.org

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Some More Primary Sources Voting Rights Act of 1965. Pub. L. No. 89–110, 79 Stat. 437 (1965). U.S. Department of Justice. https://www.congress.gov/bill/89th-congress/senate-bill/1564/text Nast, Thomas. Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State (The Members Call Each Other Thieves, Liars, Rascals, and Cowards). Wood engraving. Harper’s Weekly, March 14, 1874. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/91705051/ 9/14

congress.gov

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Even More Primary Sources United States Congress. Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States. 13 vols. Washington, DC, 1872. https://archive.org/details/reportofjointsel02unit “White Declaration of Independence.” Wilmington, North Carolina, November 1898. https://people.uncw.edu/schmidt/Misc/1898/1898WhiteDec.html Wells, Ida B. The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States. Chicago: Donohue & Henneberry, 1895. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14977/14977-h/14977-h.htm 8/14

Internet Archive

Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, made to the two Houses of Congress February 19, 1872 : United States. Congress. Joint Select Committee on the Condition of Affairs in the Lat

v. 1. Report. Minority report. Journal of the Joint Select Committee -- v. 2. Testimony, North Carolina -- v. 3-5. Testimony, South Carolina -- v. 6-7....

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Secondary Sources Berman, Ari. Give Us the Ballot: The Modern Struggle for Voting Rights in America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015. https://archive.org/details/giveusballotmode0000berm Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. https://archive.org/details/racereunion00davi Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988. https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame0000bran 10/14

Internet Archive

Give us the ballot : the modern struggle for voting rights in America : Berman, Ari : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

372 pages ; 24 cm

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

And Some More Secondary Sources Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971. https://archive.org/details/originsofnewsout00wood Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. https://archive.org/details/strangecareerofj0000unse Wright, Gavin. Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War. New York: Basic Books, 1986. https://archive.org/details/oldsouthnewsouth00gavi_0 14A/14

Internet Archive

Origins of the new South, 1877-1913 : Woodward, C. Vann (Comer Vann), 1908-1999 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Bibliography: p. 482-628

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Still More Prather, H. Leon Jr. We Have Taken a City: Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1984. Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. Louisiana State University Press, 1971. https://archive.org/details/whiteterrorkuklu0000trel White, Richard. The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896. Oxford University Press, 2017. https://archive.org/details/republicforwhich0000whit 14/14

Internet Archive

White terror : the Ku Klux Klan conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction : Trelease, Allen W : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

xlviii, 557 p. ; 23 cm

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Still More Secondary Sources Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction After the Civil War. University of Chicago Press, 1961. https://archive.org/details/reconstructionaf0000fran/page/n10/mode/1up Goodwyn, Lawrence. The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. https://archive.org/details/populistmomentsh0000good Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Harvard University Press, 2003. https://archive.org/details/nationunderourfe00hahn 12/14

Internet Archive

Reconstruction: after the Civil War : Franklin, John Hope, 1915-2009 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

258 pages 21 cm

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

More Secondary Sources Du Bois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1935. https://archive.org/details/blackreconstruc00dubo/page/n6/mode/1up Foner, Eric. Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060158514 11/14

archive.org

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 2mo ago

Replying to

Still More Primary Sources Mason, George. Remarks at the Federal Convention, August 22, 1787, in Madison’s Notes of Debates. https://csac.history.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/281/2025/05/2.-mason-22-august-1787.pdf Tobias Lear, Letters and Recollections of George Washington, (New York, 1906), 38; GW to William Pearce, 22 March 22, 1795, MTVL. https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/species/ Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth. Remarks at the Federal Convention, August 22, 1787, in Madison’s Notes of Debates. https://csac.history.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/281/2025/05/4.-pinckney-22-aug-1787.pdf 5/9

csac.history.wisc.edu

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 2mo ago

Replying to

More Primary Sources Jefferson, Thomas. “Letter to Benjamin Banneker,” August 30, 1791. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/letter-to-benjamin-banneker/ Jefferson, Thomas. “Letter to Henri Grégoire,” February 25, 1809. https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/letter-to-henri-gregoire/ Madison, James. Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787. August 22 and August 25, 1787. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed54.asp Madison, James. “The Federalist No. 54.” February 12, 1788. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed54.asp 4/ 9

teachingamericanhistory.org

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 2mo ago

Replying to

Intellectual Map Primary Sources Banneker, Benjamin. “Letter to Thomas Jefferson,” August 19, 1791. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/letter-from-benjamin-banneker-to-thomas-jefferson-august-19-1791/ Henry, Patrick. “Patrick Henry to Robert Pleasants, January 18, 1773.” https://constitutioncenter.org/education/constitution-101-curriculum/12-slavery-in-america-from-the-founding-to-americas-second-founding Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of Independence. 1776. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/declaration-of-independence Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. 1785. Especially Query XIV, “Laws.” https://www.monticello.org/notes-on-the-state-of-virginia/query-xiv 2/9

encyclopediavirginia.org

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

Even More Secondary Sources Harding, Vincent. There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981. https://archive.org/details/thereisriverbla00hard/page/n6/mode/1up Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974. https://archive.org/details/shapingofsouther0000kous Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Knopf, 1979. https://archive.org/details/beeninstormsolon0000unse 13/14

Internet Archive

There is a river : the Black struggle for freedom in America : Harding, Vincent : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Includes bibliographical references (p. [385]-401) and index

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

In Haiti, that pattern stretched back decades. U.S. Marines first entered in 1915 and remained for 19 years, rewriting the constitution, taking control of customs and the treasury, and building the military institution that would dominate Haitian politics long after the occupation formally ended. 2/11 Image: U.S. Marines search for Haitian rebels in 1919. U.S. National Archives.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

Before sunrise, Aristide was escorted onto a waiting plane and flown out of the country he had been elected to lead. By morning he was gone. Haiti was not an exception, but part of a recurring history in which democracy abroad has often been tolerated only when it aligned with American interests. 4/11 Image: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Richard B. Myers talks with Brigadier General Ronald S. Coleman after disembark from Toussaint Louverture IAirport 13 March 2004. Wikimedia Commons.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

That military repeatedly shaped who could rule. In 1991, only months after Aristide’s first democratic victory, soldiers forced him from office. By 2004, armed rebels—many veterans of earlier coups and paramilitary campaigns—were again moving toward Port-au-Prince as American forces returned. 3/11 Image: Soldiers of C Company, 2nd Battalion 22nd Infantry, 10th Mountain Division securing Port-au-Prince Airport on the first day of Operation Uphold Democracy, Sept. 22 1994, Wikimedia Commons.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

Intellectual Map The Haitian Revolution Blackburn, Robin. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848. London: Verso, 1988. Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2004. Fick, Carolyn E. The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. Geggus, David Patrick. Haitian Revolutionary Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. 5/11

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

More Sources James, C. L. R. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. Originally published 1938. Popkin, Jeremy D. A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Dubois, Laurent. Haiti: The Aftershocks of History. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2012. 6/11

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

Additional primary documentation Organization of American States. "Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti." Washington, DC: Organization of American States, 2002. https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/2023/Informe_Haiti_EN.pdf Journalistic and Contemporary Accounts BBC News. “Profile: Jean-Bertrand Aristide.” BBC, March 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-12633115 Pollen, Lydia and Weiner, Tim. "Haiti's President Forced Out; Marines Sent to Keep Order.” The New York Times, February 29, 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/29/international/americas/haitis-president-forced-out-marines-sent-to-keep.html 11/11

oas.org

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

And more Nicholls, David. From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National Independence in Haiti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Renda, Mary A. Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism, 1915–1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Schmidt, Hans. The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1971. 8/11

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

Still more sources Girard, Philippe R. Haiti: The Tumultuous History—From Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation. New York: Palgrave St. Martin's Griffin, 2010. Heinl, Robert Debs Jr., and Nancy Gordon Heinl. Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492–1995. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Haiti: State Against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000. 7/11

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

And more than that Plummer, Brenda Gayle. Haiti and the United States: The Psychological Moment. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992. Dupuy, Alex. Haiti in the World Economy: Class, Race, and Underdevelopment since 1700. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989. Dupuy, Alex. The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti. Nee York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006. Farmer, Paul. The Uses of Haiti. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1994. 9/11

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

Still more after that Hallward, Peter. Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide, and the Politics of Containment. London: Verso, 2010. Fatton, Robert Jr. Haiti’s Predatory Republic: The Unending Transition to Democracy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002. Reports and Primary Documentation United Nations Security Council. "Report of the Secretary-General on Haiti." New York: United Nations, 2004 https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/519750?v=pdf 10/11

digitallibrary.un.org

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 6mo ago

Replying to

Finally finished Shlaim, Avi. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999. Veracini, Lorenzo. Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Wolfe, Patrick. Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology: The Politics and Poetics of an Ethnographic Event. London: Continuum, 1999. 14/14

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 6mo ago

Replying to

Still not finished Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979. Said, Edward W. The Question of Palestine. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. Shlaim, Avi. Collusion Across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement, and the Partition of Palestine. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. 13/14

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 5mo ago

Replying to

@AskPippa It was and still is. Haiti has never had the chance to fully develop self determination.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 6mo ago

Replying to

@courtcan No, thank you. I’m glad it helped.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 6mo ago

Replying to

@Spacehistory @blueorchestra That’s why the comparison matters. It helps explain why the language of security carries so much weight—and why it often obscures the deeper structures of inequality that continue to shape policy and perception in both countries.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 6mo ago

Replying to

@Spacehistory @blueorchestra The point isn’t that every country has inequality. Of course they do. The question is what kind of inequality gets built into how the state actually works. I’m pointing to something specific here: that both developed through expansion and control of land while managing groups of people who weren’t given full political rights—and those distinctions were not just political, but racialized over time.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 4mo ago

Replying to

@NilaJones@zeroes.ca indeed.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 6mo ago

Replying to

@iamdavidobrien Thank you for, David.

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Dr. D. Elisabeth Glassco @Deglassco@mastodon.social

· 6mo ago

Replying to

@Spacehistory @blueorchestra When those kinds of divisions are built into the foundation of a state, they don’t just fade away. They shape how threats are defined, whose lives are prioritized, and how force is justified. Security becomes tied not just to defending borders, but to maintaining a particular social and political order.

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