Marin Ivezic

After the White House quantum summit, I tested the claim that America built "every layer of the quantum stack." Eight layers. Named researchers. Primary sources. Quick scorecard: The PQC algorithms (ML-KEM, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA) that NIST standardized and that EO 14412 mandates for federal systems? Designed almost entirely by Europeans and Canadians. CWI (Netherlands), Bochum (Germany), IBM Zurich (Switzerland), ENS Lyon (France), Waterloo (Canada). NIST ran the process — that's a real institutional win. But the algorithmic content is international. The enabling infrastructure is even more striking. Dilution refrigerators from Finland (Bluefors) and UK (Oxford Instruments) dominate the market that cools US superconducting quantum computers. Domestic manufacturing exists (Maybell in Denver, Bluefors's Syracuse operation) but the US remains substantially dependent on European-headquartered suppliers. Control electronics from Switzerland (Zurich Instruments), Israel (Quantum Machines), Germany (Rohde & Schwarz). The CHIPS Act quantum investments are partly a response to these dependencies. On the science side: Josephson junction predicted at Cambridge (1962). First superconducting qubit demonstrated at NEC Japan (1999). Surface code traces to Kitaev (Russia). Steane code from Oxford. qLDPC codes from French and Russian mathematicians. The US built the strongest commercial integration and scaling layer. That is a real and hard-won capability. It is not the same as sole authorship of the entire stack. Policy implication: "we built everything" leads to different supply chain decisions than "we built the best integration layer, and it depends on allied supply chains." The second framing is more accurate and produces better policy. Full article with every claim sourced: https://postquantum.com/quantum-sovereignty/who-built-the-quantum-stack/ #quantum #PQC #infosec #cryptography #postquantum #supplysecurity #quantumcomputing #cybersecurity

@cR0w@infosec.exchange Fair question, and you're right that Internet-facing OT and medical devices have more urgent problems than PQC. Fixing basic exposure is a prerequisite to worrying about PQC. But measuring PQC readiness by device type is how you find out which vendors and device categories will be the last-mile problem when regulatory deadlines (CNSA 2.0 2030, NIST deprecation 2030, UK NCSC 2028/2031/2035) become an issue.

Can't migrate everything to PQC at once. Which layer first? TLS at the load balancer, IPsec at the tunnel, or application-layer encryption - each covers different threat surfaces. Six enterprise architecture scenarios, one recommendation per scenario. https://postquantum.com/post-quantum/pick-one-pqc-layer-migration/ #PQC #TLS #IPsec #infosec #cryptography

Data centers in space are a stupid idea. Quantum AI data centers in space are a way stupider one. I have wanted to write this for two years, and an investor's question finally gave me the excuse. In vacuum, the only way to shed heat is radiation. Starcloud's 5 GW proposal needs 10 square kilometers of radiator, about three times Central Park, plus 16 square kilometers of solar panels. So, in short, for this to work we need a structure with the footprint of half of Manhattan and the weight of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier - seven times the mass of everything currently in Earth orbit combined, parked in a debris field where fragments arrive at 10 km/s, taking hundreds of debris hits a day, with 69,000 kilograms of pressurized glycol per second flowing through the pipes behind those radiators. At 2025's record launch rate, lifting it would take every rocket on Earth 35 years. Every strike on one of those pipes is a catastrophic rupture, not a leak - and at this size it would be hundreds of them per day. No crew. No repair vehicle exists... Few people tried to model the costs and optimistically concluded that orbital compute is 3x to 10x terrestrial. They did not consider one tenth of what is really needed - the coolant plumbing, the 350 GPUs a day that fail under training load and cannot be swapped, the deorbiting of 100,000 tonnes, the resonance problem, and many others. Add those and the real cost for the Starcloud's proposed data center could run in trillions of dollars. And this idea got funded hundreds of millions of dollars? Then someone proposed putting superconducting quantum computers up there. Millikelvin cryostats. Helium-3 from weapons stockpiles (500 fridges would eat two thirds of world supply). Daily calibration by people who cannot reach the hardware. Cosmic rays that crash error correction chip-wide. For a quantum AI advantage nobody has demonstrated on any commercial workload. Hyperscale orbital data centers are decades away, if ever. Nobody pitching quantum AI in orbit has solved a single one of the three problems it stacks. They are counting on the VCs not to ask and to be sufficiently impressed with the concentration of buzzwords. https://postquantum.com/quantum-computing/quantum-ai-data-centers-space/ #QuantumComputing #DataCenters #SpaceTech #QuantumAI #VentureCapital