Archaeology News

Medieval Norman castle thought lost found hidden inside Dublin university building A medieval castle long thought to have vanished has been found inside a modern building at University College Dublin. Researchers identified substantial remains of Roebuck Castle, a Norman fortress once located along one of the main roads into medieval Dublin... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/09/medieval-castle-inside-dublin-university-building/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #medieval #castle

More than 1 tonne of Iron Age iron bars found in Austria is Europe’s largest assemblage A huge pile of rusted iron bars found beside the Danube in Austria is the largest such find in Europe. Workers uncovered the mass of iron in 2019 during gravel extraction at Deinham in Upper Austria. The find lay in a silted-up branch of the Danube River. Researchers have now dated the bars to the Late Iron Age... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/09/1-tonne-of-iron-age-iron-bars-found-in-austria/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #ironage

400-year-old grave of feared young woman reveals rare anti-vampire burial ritual in Poland A 400-year-old grave in northern Poland has given archaeologists a rare look at how fear shaped burial practices in the 17th century. The remains of a young woman were found with an iron sickle across her neck and a padlock attached to her left big toe... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/08/grave-of-woman-anti-vampire-ritual-in-poland/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #anthropology #vampire #bioarchaeology

Huge Iron Age salt-mining complex found beneath Hallstatt in Austria Archaeologists have found a huge network of Iron Age salt-mining chambers beneath Hallstatt, Austria. The chambers extend for at least 300 meters and offer new evidence about how prehistoric miners worked deep inside the mountain... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/09/iron-age-salt-mining-complex-beneath-hallstatt/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #anthropology #saltmine #ironage

1,800-year-old Roman building and metalworking site emerges in Ligornetto, Switzerland A Roman building linked to craft work and farming has emerged at an archaeological site in Ligornetto, where excavations are underway near Via Mastri. The main find is a Roman building dating from the second and third centuries CE. The structure stood beside a small road and formed part of a wider area used for craft work and farming... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/09/roman-building-and-metalworking-site-in-ligornetto/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology

Burials inside Italian Paleolithic cave date to medieval period, 1302-1489 CE, radiocarbon dating shows Three people buried inside Grotta Romanelli in southern Italy lived during the medieval period, new radiocarbon dates show. The finding adds a later phase of human use to one of the Mediterranean’s key Paleolithic sites. Researchers dated skeletal remains from one adult and two children... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/09/burials-inside-italian-paleolithic-cave-date-to-medieval-period/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #paleolithic #medieval

4,000-year-old Bronze Age “shaman” identified as a woman, not a man A 4,000-year-old burial near Stonehenge has changed the story of one of Britain’s best-known Bronze Age graves. Ancient DNA tests show the person known for more than 200 years as the “Upton Lovell Shaman” was a woman, not a man. The woman lived during the Early Bronze Age and was buried near the village of Upton Lovell... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/bronze-age-shaman-identified-as-a-woman/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #anthropology #bronzeage

Ancient Egyptian princesses were skilled archers and used weapons 4,000 years ago, bone study finds Weapons buried with ancient Egyptian princesses have long puzzled archaeologists. Many believed bows, arrows, and daggers placed beside royal women served only as symbols of power or status. A new study of royal skeletons from Dahshur now points to a different answer. Some of these women likely trained with and used those weapons during... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/egyptian-princesses-were-skilled-archers/

Neanderthal gene inherited by modern humans linked to greater muscle mass A gene inherited from Neanderthals tens of thousands of years ago is linked to greater muscle mass in some people today. A new study found the gene affects how cells respond to growth hormone. The gene came from Neanderthals through mating with early modern humans, likely about 47,000 years ago... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/08/neanderthal-gene-linked-to-greater-muscle/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #anthropology #neanderthal #homosapiens #humanevolution

Roman women managed wine and olive oil production on ancient farms, study finds For years, historians described the Roman vilica, or female farm manager, as a housekeeper whose work focused on meals, cleaning, and supervising servants inside the home. A new study argues this view misses one of the most important jobs on a Roman estate. Evidence shows many vilicae managed large farming operations, especially... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/roman-women-managed-wine-and-olive-oil-production/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #romanempire

Ancient Roman villa found beneath high school gym near the Colosseum For years, students at a high school near Rome’s Colosseum shared stories about hidden rooms beneath their gymnasium. What began as rumors eventually led to the identification of a well-preserved Roman villa dating to the mid-second century CE... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/roman-villa-found-beneath-high-school/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #romanvilla #romanarchitecture #romanempire

Roman villa with rare polychrome mosaic and bathhouse uncovered beneath Devon farmland A rare Roman mosaic made from thousands of colored stone cubes has been uncovered beneath farmland in Devon, England, during excavations at a large Roman villa. Archaeologists also found an elaborate bathhouse, fine jewelry, painted wall plaster, and other luxury objects... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/roman-villa-with-mosaic-beneath-devon/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social#archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #romanempire

Neanderthals and Homo sapiens shared culture for over 20,000 years, cave study suggests Neanderthals and modern humans appear to have shared far more than the same landscape. A new study from a cave in southern Türkiye suggests both groups lived in strikingly similar ways and even shared symbolic traditions over thousands of years.... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/neanderthals-and-homo-sapiens-shared-culture/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #anthropology #homosapiens #neanderthal

Homo floresiensis was a scavenger, not a hunter, and did not control fire, fossil study finds A fresh study is changing the story of Homo floresiensis, the extinct human relative known as the “hobbit.” Scientists now think these small hominins did not hunt dwarf elephants or use fire as often as once believed. Instead, they likely survived by scavenging the remains of animals first eaten by Komodo dragons.. More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/homo-floresiensis-was-scavenger-not-hunter/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #homofloresiensis

50,000-year-old DNA from South African antelope rewrites limits of ancient DNA preservation Scientists have recovered ancient DNA from a 50,000-year-old antelope tooth found in South Africa, pushing back the age of the oldest DNA ever retrieved from sub-Saharan Africa. The finding shows that genetic material survives far longer in some African environments than many researchers expected... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/50000-year-old-dna-from-antelope-dna-preservation/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #zooarchaeology #Archaeogenetics

Byzantine city with 200 written records uncovered in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis Archaeologists have uncovered a well-preserved Byzantine residential city in Egypt’s Dakhla Oasis, offering a rare look at life in the Western Desert during the fourth and fifth centuries CE. The find comes from the Ain Al-Sabil archaeological site in the New Valley Governorate... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/byzantine-city-with-written-records-in-dakhla-oasis/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #byzantine #egyptology #ancientegypt

Early Abbasid silver coin hoard found on Baltic coast traces early trade between the Baltic and the Islamic world Archaeologists have uncovered a hoard of 59 Islamic silver coins near the Kaliningrad Lagoon, offering new evidence of trade between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Baltic region during the early Middle Ages. The coins date from CE 746 to 815, placing them among the earliest known Islamic silver finds in Eastern Europe... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/abbasid-silver-coin-hoard-found-on-baltic-coast/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social

Three forgotten Assyrian kings identified in ancient texts For more than a century, historians believed the Neo-Assyrian Empire’s royal line was well known. A new study argues three kings were left out of the official record. The finding changes a long accepted view of how one of the ancient world’s greatest empires passed power from one ruler to the next... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/three-forgotten-assyrian-kings/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #AssyrianHistory #Assyriology

First Roman Republican silver coin hoard found in Saxony-Anhalt rewrites central Germany’s ancient history Silver coins from the Roman Republic rarely turn up in central Germany. Archaeologists have now confirmed the first documented hoard of Roman Republican silver denarii in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/first-roman-republican-silver-coin-hoard-in-saxony-anhalt/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #romanempire #romancoins

Medieval adults and children buried together in Sweden were rarely related, DNA study finds Children buried beside adults in medieval graves have long been seen as family members. A new DNA study from Stockholm University tells a different story. The findings show that people buried together were rarely close biological relatives, even in places where many families lived near one another... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/grave-with-close-relatives-was-rare-in-the-middle-ages/ @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #anthropology #bioarchaeology #medieval

Rare Bronze Age sword found off Devon coast adds to Salcombe shipwreck story Volunteer divers have recovered a rare Bronze Age sword from the protected Salcombe Cannon and Moor Sand wreck sites off the coast of Devon, England. The find adds fresh evidence to one of the most important prehistoric maritime sites in northwestern Europe and adds another piece to the story of Bronze Age trade across the Atlantic... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/bronze-age-sword-found-off-devon-coast/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology

Ancient Egyptian settlement from the Second Intermediate Period with tombs and silos found at Tell el-Ku’a Egyptian archaeologists have uncovered a large settlement from the Second Intermediate Period at Tell el-Ku’a in Egypt’s eastern Nile Delta. The site includes tombs, homes, storage areas, ovens, and work spaces... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/egyptian-settlement-with-tombs-and-silos-at-tell-el-kua/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #anthropology #egyptology #ancientegypt

New finds at Coves del Fem in Spain trace the transition from the last hunter-gatherers to early farmers New excavations at the Coves del Fem rock shelter in northeastern Spain have uncovered rare evidence from both the last hunter-gatherers and the first farming communities. The finds offer one of the clearest records of how life changed as agriculture spread into the inland mountains of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula.. More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/coves-del-fem-transition-from-hunter-gatherers-to-farmers/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology

A latrine at Hadrian’s Villa shows how Roman concrete survived for 2,000 years For centuries, Roman buildings have outlasted many modern structures. Temples, bridges, aqueducts, and walls still stand after nearly 2,000 years, while some concrete buildings from the last century already show serious damage. A new study points to another reason for this long life... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/hadrians-villa-roman-concrete-survived/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archaeologynews #romanarchitecture #romanempire

27,000-year-old mammoth bones provide rare evidence of human activity in Bavaria Archaeologists in southeastern Germany have identified evidence of human activity on the remains of a woolly mammoth dating to roughly 27,000 to 25,000 years ago, a period when signs of human presence in the region are scarce. The find offers a rare glimpse of life in Bavaria during the final stages of the Gravettian culture... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/27000-year-old-mammoth-bones-in-bavaria/ @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #iceage #mammoth

Iron Age stelae in Iberian Peninsula served as grave markers and ancient road landmarks, new study reveals Archaeologists have uncovered one of the clearest pieces of evidence yet about the purpose of prehistoric decorated stelae in the Iberian Peninsula. Excavations at Las Capellanías in southwestern Spain found three carved stone monuments placed beside burials and an ancient road... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/function-of-iron-age-stelae-in-iberian-peninsula/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #stelae #ironage

Archaeologists uncover possible statue of Artemis at ancient Heraclea Sintica in Bulgaria Archaeologists excavating the ancient city of Heraclea Sintica in southwestern Bulgaria have uncovered part of a marble statue that could represent Artemis, the Greek goddess of hunting. The fragment was found during ongoing excavations near the town of Petrich... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/statue-of-artemis-at-ancient-heraclea-sintica/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social#archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #artemis #heracleasintica

6,000-year-old infant from ancient Mesopotamia shows one of the world’s oldest signs of child abuse A 6,000-year-old infant buried in ancient Syria has given researchers what looks like the oldest known case of child abuse in the Middle East. The child’s bones show repeated injuries which fit physical abuse instead of disease or an accident. The findings appear in the International Journal of Osteoarchaeology.. More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/infant-mesopotamia-oldest-signs-of-child-abuse/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #anthropology

Early humans used fire in Wonderwerk Cave up to 1.8 million years ago New evidence from South Africa’s Wonderwerk Cave suggests early humans were using fire inside caves far earlier than many archaeologists once believed. A study published in PLOS One reports signs of repeated fire use in deposits dating between about 1.07 million and 1.79 million years ago, making the site one of the oldest known records of hominin fire use... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/early-humans-used-fire-in-wonderwerk-cave/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social

Tooth enamel reveals the origins of Africans freed from slave ships and buried on St. Helena Nearly 200 years after thousands of Africans rescued from illegal slave ships were buried on the remote island of St. Helena, scientists have traced where many of them spent their childhood. The findings offer one of the clearest pictures yet of the lives of people whose... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/origins-of-african-slaves-buried-on-st-helena/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #anthropology #archaeogenetics #slaveryhistory #sthelena

Rare medieval seals reveal the hidden power of a Russian princess from the age of the Rurik dynasty Archaeologists have identified two medieval lead seals found in Vladimir as belonging to Princess Maria Vsevolzhaya, wife of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest and mother of his twelve children. The rare seals once closed documents from the late 12th and early 13th centuries... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/medieval-seals-hidden-power-of-russian-princess/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social#archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #medieval

3,400-year-old gold diadems from Cyprus reveal Bronze Age trade across the ancient Mediterranean Golden diadems and gold mouthpieces found in Bronze Age tombs on Cyprus offer a rare look at life in one of the ancient world’s busiest trading centers. A new study found the ornaments were likely made by local goldsmiths who blended styles from Egypt, the Aegean, and the Near East into designs unique to Cyprus... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/3400-year-old-gold-diadems-from-cyprus/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #bronzeage

First named Maya mathematician identified from 1,200-year-old wall inscription in Guatemala For the first time, researchers have identified an ancient Maya mathematician by name after decoding a painted wall text from the archaeological site of Xultun in northeastern Guatemala. The finding links a mathematical formula to an individual named Sak Tahn Waax... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/first-named-maya-mathematician-guatemala/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #maya

Mystery of 17th-century shipwreck carrying 400 gold coins solved after decades of research A shipwreck found off England’s south coast has finally been identified after nearly 30 years of research. Archaeologists now believe the vessel was the Dom van Keulen, a Dutch merchant ship carrying thousands of Moroccan gold coins when it sank in 1633... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/17th-century-shipwreck-carrying-400-gold-coins/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archaeologynews #shipwreck #maritimearchaeology #underwaterarchaeology

Well of Junia Rufina reveals new clues about a mysterious Roman woman An ancient well in the Roman city of Butrint is giving historians a fresh view of public life almost 2,000 years ago. New research suggests the Well of Junia Rufina served far more than a daily need for water. The monument links one wealthy woman to a period of major growth in public works during the rule of Emperor Hadrian. More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/well-of-junia-rufina-mysterious-roman-woman/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #romanarchitecture #romanempire

Mithras sanctuary in Močići challenges Roman temple model with open-air ritual landscape Mithras worship in the Roman Empire traces back to an ancient Iranian deity, Mithra, rooted in early Persian religious tradition. In pre-Zoroastrian and later Zoroastrian contexts, Mithra appears as a figure tied to contracts, light, and cosmic order... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/mithras-sanctuary-in-mocici/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #mithras #mithraism #romanempire

Ancient Herculaneum scroll read for the first time after nearly 2,000 years Nearly 2,000 years after Mount Vesuvius buried the Roman town of Herculaneum, researchers have read an ancient scroll without physically opening it. Using advanced X-ray scans and artificial intelligence, they recovered the full surviving text from a sealed papyrus for the first time... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/herculaneum-scroll-read-for-the-first-time/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social#archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #romanempire #herculaneum

Large precolonial villages in Brazil’s Cerrado practiced maize-based polyculture, study finds A new study offers the clearest picture yet of how Indigenous communities lived in Brazil’s Cerrado before European contact. The findings challenge the long-running idea that people in the region either survived as mobile hunter-gatherers or relied on large-scale maize farming More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/precolonial-villages-in-brazil-practiced-maize-based-polyculture/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #anthropology #precolonial

Ancient Roman faces brought to life through facial reconstruction at Aquincum Museum in Hungary For centuries, the Roman city of Aquincum stood along the Danube frontier, where hundreds of thousands of people lived, worked, and raised families. Archaeologists have uncovered houses, streets, tools, inscriptions, and cemeteries across the ancient city. A new exhibition in Budapest now puts human faces on many of those former residents... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/roman-faces-return-to-life-at-aquincum-museum/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social

Radiocarbon dating reveals Spain’s largest helmet hoard is medieval, not Roman A group of 43 iron helmets recovered from the seabed off Spain’s eastern coast has been redated to the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, overturning a belief held for more than three decades. Archaeologists once thought the helmets belonged to the Roman period... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/spains-largest-medieval-helmet-lost-weapons-shipment/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #ancientgelmet #romanempire #medieval

1,000-year-old Viking textile production center uncovered near Aarhus in Denmark Archaeologists in Denmark have uncovered a large Viking Age production site that supplied textiles and other goods to one of the region’s main trade centers over 1,000 years ago. The site sits near Søften in eastern Jutland, about 10 kilometers north of modern Aarhus... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/viking-textile-production-center-near-aarhus/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #vikings #vikingage

2,400-year-old esparto grass sandals show Iron Age miners used the same footwear for 400 years Ancient miners in southwestern Spain wore sandals made from esparto grass for more than 400 years, a new study shows. Researchers examined eight sandal soles from the ancient mining settlement of Urium in modern Riotinto. The findings show the same style of footwear stayed in use from the Iron Age through the Roman period... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/2400-year-old-esparto-grass-sandals-spain/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology

Mamluk-era water system and mosque uncovered near Cairo’s Saladin Citadel Archaeologists working around Cairo’s Saladin Citadel have uncovered the remains of a large Mamluk-era water supply system and a mosque, offering new evidence about how one of Egypt’s most important medieval centers functioned... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/mamluk-era-water-system-uncovered-near-cairo/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #egyptology #ancientegypt

Early Christian migrants found in Europe’s last pagan state, isotope study finds A medieval cemetery in Lithuania is changing what historians know about the early history of Vilnius. A new isotope study found that some of the city’s earliest Christians came from hundreds of kilometers away, showing that Europe’s last pagan state already had a diverse population before Catholicism became the official religion in CE 1387... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/early-christian-migrants-in-europes-last-pagan-state/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology

Study suggests all Homo naledi skeletons from South African cave are female Archaeologists have recovered thousands of fossils from South Africa’s Rising Star cave system over the past decade, revealing one of the most unusual human relatives ever found. Now a new study has added another surprise. After analyzing ancient proteins preserved in the teeth of Homo naledi, researchers found evidence suggesting that... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/all-homo-naledi-skeletons-from-cave-are-female/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology

Scotland’s richest Iron Age burial goes on display for the first time Rare Iron Age weapons and personal items from what archaeologists describe as the richest Iron Age burial ever found in Scotland are going on public display for the first time. The artifacts belonged to a young man buried nearly 2,000 years ago and will be featured in a new exhibition at the National Museum of Scotland... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/scotlands-richest-iron-age-burial-display/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #ironage

Lost Ming Dynasty goldworking technique recreated after nearly 500 years Chinese goldsmiths during Ming Dynasty produced fine jewelry found in Hubei province tombs. A recent study in NPJ Heritage Science examined earrings from Prince Zhu Zairong tomb, died 1545. Researchers studied a lost method named Jin zhe si. The method creates filigree appearance without using wire... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/ming-dynasty-goldworking-technique-recreated/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archaeologynews #ancientchina #mingdynasty

Atlatls likely appeared in North America around 10,000 years ago, after the Clovis culture For decades, archaeologists pictured North America’s first big game hunters using the atlatl, a handheld spear thrower that sends a flexible dart farther and faster than a hand-thrown spear. The weapon has long been linked with the Clovis culture, whose people lived about 13,340 to 12,710 years ago and... More info: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/07/atlatls-appeared-in-north-america-after-the-clovis-culture/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #anthropology #atlatls #clovis

Oldest structure at Hadrian’s Villa uncovered beneath imperial palace complex Archaeologists working at Hadrian’s Villa near Rome have uncovered an underground structure dating to the Republican period, a find that could represent the oldest known construction ever identified within the vast imperial complex.... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/06/oldest-structure-at-hadrians-villa/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #romanvilla #romanempire #hadrian #romanarchitecture

Massive limestone blocks hint at a monumental Etruscan building at ancient port in Italy Archaeologists working at Gravisca, the ancient port of Tarquinia, have uncovered massive limestone blocks buried beneath later Roman structures. The find points to a large Etruscan building whose purpose is still unknown... More information: https://archaeologymag.com/2026/09/limestone-blocks-hint-at-a-etruscan-building-in-italy/ Follow @archaeology@mstdn.social #archaeology #archeology #archaeologynews #romanempire #etruscan