MushroomBot

Pholiota squarrosoides

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pholiota_squarrosoides.html

Ecology: Saprobic and possibly parasitic; growing in clusters (rarely alone or scattered) on the wood of hardwoods; summer and fall; fairly widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 3-11 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex or broadly bell-shaped; usually sticky; whitish underneath conspicuous tawny scales.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; close or crowded; whitish, becoming rusty brown; at first covered by a partial veil.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick; dry; with an ephemeral ring or ring zone; whitish, sometimes becoming reddish brown near the base; covered with conspicuous tawny scales.

Flesh: Whitish.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive or somewhat fragrant; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-6 x 2.5-3.5 ; smooth; more or less elliptical; lacking an apical pore; dull reddish brown in KOH. Pleurocystidia clavate to clavate-mucronate or fusoid-ventricose; lacking refractive contents in KOH; to 65 x 18 . Cheilocystidia mucronate, fusoid-ventricose or clavate; to 50 x 13 . Pileipellis partially gelatinized. Clamp connections present.

REFERENCES: (Peck, 1879) http://194.203.77.76/librifungorum/Image.asp?ItemID=33&ImageFileName=SyllogeFungorum5-750.jpg" TARGET="new 1887. (http://194.203.77.76/librifungorum/Image.asp?ItemID=33&ImageFileName=SyllogeFungorum5-750.jpg" TARGET="new 1887; http://www.deq.state.mi.us/documents/deq-ogs-gimdl-PU26B.PDF" TARGET="new 1918; Overholts, 1927; http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=6bd98d17c290d2575057a9d5d63f6584;c=fung1tc;idno=AGJ9559.0001.001" TARGET="new">Smith & Hesler, 1968; Smith, 1975; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1979; http://www.svims.ca/council/Pholio.htm" TARGET="new">Scates & Gospodnetich, 1981/2003; Jacobsson, 1989; Klan et al., 1989; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Barron, 1999; Roody, 2003; McNeil, 2006; Miller & Miller, 2006.) Herb. Kuo 09140703.

Further Online Information:

http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=fung1tc;cc=fung1tc;rgn=full%20text;idno=AGJ9559.0001.001;didno=AGJ9559.0001.001;view=image;seq=00000207" TARGET="new">Pholiota squarrosoides in Smith & Hesler (1968)
http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6635.asp" TARGET="new">Pholiota squarrosoides at Roger's Mushrooms

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Itajahya galericulata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Itajahya_galericulata.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously in gardens and cultivated areas; summer and fall in the Northern Hemisphere, winter and spring in the Southern Hemisphere; originally described from Brazil; widespread in South America; in North America distributed in Texas and the southwestern United States; well documented in South Africa; reported from India. The illustrated and described collection is from Arizona.

Immature Fruiting Body: A whitish "egg" 2-3 cm high and 3-5 cm wide; surface smooth; when sliced revealing the stinkhorn-to-be encased in a gelatinous substance.

Mature Fruiting Body: 9-12 cm high; 3-4.5 cm thick at the widest point; more or less cylindric; hollow.

Head: 3-4.5 cm high; 3.5-4.5 cm wide; cylindric to slightly egg-shaped; hollow; surface appearing coarsely granular from a distance-the appearance resulting from the surface being composed of small wrinkled nodes of tissue, surrounded by dark brown spore slime; apex adorned with a calyptra-a large cap-like patch of whitish tissue exceeding the width of the head; apex sometimes perforated.

Stem: 6-8 cm high; 3-4 cm wide; spongy; hollow; finely pocked; whitish to yellowish; sometimes with adhering patches of volval material; base encased in a whitish to brownish, sacklike volva; attached to thin whitish rhizomorphs.

Odor: Foul while the spore slime is present.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-4 x 1.5-2 m; elongated-ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Sphaerocysts of the pseudostipe 24-52 m across; subglobose unless compressed, and then irregular; walls 1-1.5 m thick; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Hyphae of the volva 3-10 m wide; smooth; thin-walled; septate; hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections not found.

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Aseroe rubra

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Aseroe_rubra.html

Ecology: Saprobic on plant litter and woody debris; growing alone or gregariously; found in woods or, more commonly, in cultivated areas and compost (in gardens, along paths, and so on); appearing year-round; common in Hawaii and frequently found in the southeastern United States; also found in tropical and subtropical areas across the globe (especially Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa). The illustrated and described collections are from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

Immature Fruiting Body: Like a whitish to brownish "egg" up to about 3 cm high; attached to numerous rhizomorphs; when sliced revealing the stinkhorn-to-be encased in a gelatinous substance.

Mature Fruiting Body: Up to about 8 cm high; stem clearly defined, round in cross-section, with a horizontally furrowed surface, white to pink, red, or orange, encased at the base in a whitish volva; head portion flattened, covered with brown to olive brown, foul-smelling slime; with 5-7 radiating tentacles that are arranged symmetrically around the edge of the head and measure up to about 4 cm long; tentacles doubled, white to pink, red, or orange.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-6.5 x 1.5-2 m; cylindric; smooth; inamyloid; hyaline or yellowish in KOH; walls not cyanophilic. Sphaerocysts in stem subglobose; 20-40 m wide. Volval hyphae interwoven; 2-7 m wide; branching; smooth; hyaline in KOH; clamp connections not found.

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Lactarius corrugis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lactarius_corrugis.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and perhaps with other hardwoods; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; widely distributed in eastern North America, and extending into Texas and Mexico.

Cap: 4-20 cm; at first convex; becoming shallowly depressed; notably velvety; when young often appearing coated with a thin, grayish to whitish, feltlike material; in maturity often becoming deeply wrinkled and corrugated; usually dark brownish red to dark brick red but sometimes purplish brown or dark brown.

Gills: Attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; close; pale buff when young but soon orangish to yellowish or brownish; discoloring brown where injured.

Stem: 3-11 cm long; 1.5-3 cm thick; colored more or less like the cap, or paler; equal; when young with a feltlike coating like that on the cap; solid.

Flesh: Whitish to yellowish; staining slowly brown when sliced.

Milk: White; copious; unchanging when exposed to air; staining tissues brown; staining white paper brown.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive, or sometimes slightly fishy; taste mild.

Chemical Reactions: KOH olive to brown on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-13 x 8.5-12 ; globose or subglobose; ornamentation 0.4-0.7 high, as widely spaced amyloid ridges forming partial to completed reticula. Pleuromacrocystidia conspicuous and abundant; subcylindric to subfusiform; thick-walled; arising in the subhymenium or gill trama; to 200 x 15 . Cheilocystidia similar but shorter. Pileipellis a lamprotrichoderm with a turf of cylindric to narrowly fusiform pileocystidia measuring up to about 125 x 6 .

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Hygrocybe minutula

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hygrocybe_minutula.html

Ecology: Precise ecological role uncertain (see Lodge and collaborators, 2013); appearing in hardwood forests; growing alone or gregariously; summer; originally described from New York (Peck 1887); widespread in North America from the Great Plains eastward; also reported from California and the Pacific Northwest. The illustrated and described collection is from Ohio.

Cap: 0.5-1.5 cm across; convex, expanding to broadly convex; sticky when fresh; bald; scarlet, with a very thin, orangish, marginal zone; broadly lined from the margin inward.

Gills: Narrowly attached to the stem; distant or nearly so; short-gills present; orangish to red.

Stem: 3-5 cm long; 2-3 mm thick; more or less equal; sticky when fresh; bald; red above and orange to orangish yellow below; hollow; basal mycelium whitish to yellowish.

Flesh: Very thin; yellowish to red; not changing on exposure.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 3.5-4.5 m; ellipsoid; apiculate; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 35-42 x 6-7 m; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Lamellar trama parallel. Pileipellis an ixocutis.

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Volvariella taylorii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Volvariella_taylorii.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously on the ground in hardwood forests, often near woody debris; spring (see comments above); North American distribution uncertain. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Pennsylvania

Cap: 3-6 cm across; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; finely radially hairy; grayish brown to brownish gray; the margin not lined, but sometimes splitting with age.

Gills: Free from the stem; close or crowded; short-gills frequent; whitish when young, becoming pink to brownish pink with maturity.

Stem: 3.5-5.5 cm long; 7-13 mm thick; tapering gradually to apex; with a slightly swollen base or a small basal bulb; dry; very finely hairy near the apex but bald elsewhere; whitish, discoloring brownish; the base encased in a thick, whitish to gray or brownish, sack-like volva.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Radishlike.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Brownish pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-8 x 4-5 m; ellipsoid; smooth; thick-walled; yellowish to hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia when present 30-50 x 7.5-12.5 m; lageniform; thin-walled; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis with areas of upright hyphal ends; elements 5-15 m wide, smooth or a little encrusted, septate, hyaline to brownish in KOH; terminal cells cylindric with rounded apices. Clamp connections not found.

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Hydnum aerostatisporum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hydnum_aerostatisporum.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal, probably with oaks and other hardwoods; recorded in various ecosystems, including hardwood and mixed hardwood-conifer forests; growing gregariously on the ground; summer and fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 3.5-13 cm wide; broadly convex, becoming planoconvex, flat, or shallowly centrally depressed; dry; bald, but often becoming cracked and subscaly with age; pastel orange when young, becoming orange to brownish orange; the margin becoming wavy and broadly lobed with age.

Undersurface: Not running down the stem, or just beginning to do so; covered with densely packed, soft spines that are round in cross-section and measure 2-6 mm long; creamy to pale orangish; not bruising.

Stem: 3-8 cm long; 2-3 cm thick; equal; dry; bald; pale orangish when young, but often becoming darker brownish orange with maturity; bruising brownish orange; sometimes with a whitish sheen or whitish patches in places.

Flesh: Whitish; sometimes slowly orangish or brownish when sliced; brittle.

Odor and Taste: Sweetish, not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia flashing pink, then resolving to negative on cap surface. KOH negative on cap surface. Iron salts negative on cap, spines, and stem.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-8.5 x 6-7 m; subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, with a small apiculus; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Basidia 4-sterigmate; 30-40 x 4-6 m; subclavate. Pseudocystidia 30-36 x 2-7 m; cylindric with rounded apices, or occasionally sublageniform; thin-walled; smooth; hyaline or with golden contents in KOH. Pileipellis not clearly differentiated; cap surface hyphae tangled, 3-8 m wide, hyaline to ochraceous in KOH, with clamp connections.

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Laccaria longipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Laccaria_longipes.html

Ecology: Presumably mycorrhizal with conifers and northern hardwoods, but possibly saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in sphagnum bogs; fall; distributed in the Great Lakes region.

Cap: 1-8 cm; convex, becoming flat or with a shallow central depression; the margin usually lined; finely hairy; orangish brown, fading with age.

Gills: Attached to the stem; distant or nearly so; pinkish flesh color.

Stem: 7-15 cm long; up to about 1 cm thick; equal or with a slightly enlarged base; hairy; colored like the cap; with whitish basal mycelium.

Flesh: Thin; pinkish flesh colored.

Odor and Taste: Taste not distinctive or slightly bitter; odor not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-8 x 6-8 ; globose or subglobose; ornamented with spines mostly about 1 long, with bases < 1 wide; inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis of elements 5-10 wide, occasionally aggregated into upright bundles; terminal cells subclavate to cylindric.

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Omphalina epichysium

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Omphalina_epichysium.html

Ecology: Possibly saprobic but apparently involved in some sort of mutualism with moss; growing alone, gregariously, or in clusters on the dead wood of hardwoods and conifers; spring through fall; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 1.5-5 cm across; planoconvex at first, becoming centrally depressed or vase-shaped; fairly smooth; the margin inrolled at first and later lined, often nearly to the center; blackish to dark grayish brown, fading markedly as it dries out and eventually pale grayish brown.

Gills: Running down the stem; close or nearly distant; pale gray.

Stem: Up to 3 cm long and 3 mm thick; more or less equal; dry; smooth or minutely hairy; colored like the cap but not fading as quickly.

Flesh: Insubstantial; watery grayish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-9 x 4-5 ; smooth; elliptical; inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

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Hymenopellis megalospora

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hymenopellis_megalospora.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; occasionally growing directly from very well decayed logs and stumps, but more commonly attached to buried deadwood near stumps, appearing terrestrial; late spring through fall; widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 2-5 cm; bell-shaped to sub-conic when young, becoming broadly bell-shaped to broadly convex or nearly flat in age; bald; sometimes somewhat radially wrinkled; sticky to greasy when young, but soon dry; color variable, ranging from dark grayish brown to dull yellowish brown--or buff to nearly white, with or without a darker center.

Gills: Attached to the stem by means of a notch and a tiny tooth that runs down the stem; distant or nearly so (occasionally close); white; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 4-16 cm long above ground; 0.5-1.5 cm thick; tapering to apex; bald, or finely fibrillose with brownish fibrils that break up in age to form stripes and chevrons; white; with a short, quickly tapering tap root extending up to 4 cm underground; the root staining reddish brown.

Flesh: White; thin; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Dried Specimens: Gills of dried specimens become bright orange after several years in storage.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 15-21 x 8-12 ; limoniform to amygdaliform at maturity; finely dimpled or pitted; inamyloid; hyaline in KOH. Hymenial elements of herbarium specimens often with pinkish orange to orange contents in KOH. Pleurocystidia widely cylindric to subutriform; thin-walled; hyaline; smooth; 70-110 x 10-22 . Cheilocystidia usually capitate to subcapitate but sometimes clavate or fusiform; up to 80 x 15 . Pileipellis hymeniform and somewhat gelatinized; pileocystidia frequent, thin-walled, hyaline, up to 90 x 30 .

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Boletus nobilis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Boletus_nobilis.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and possibly with other hardwoods; growing alone or gregariously; summer and fall; distributed in the Appalachian Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from West Virginia and Ohio.

Cap: 5-8 cm across; convex, becoming broadly convex; tacky or dry; glabrous; yellow-brown; becoming a little pitted and rugged with age.

Pore Surface: At first white and "stuffed"; becoming yellowish and eventually olive yellow; not bruising; with 2-3 round pores per mm; tubes to 12 mm deep.

Stem: 7-15 cm long; 1.5-2.5 cm thick; equal, or slightly enlarged downward; often curved near the base; smooth or, often, very finely and shallowly longitudinally ridged; usually not reticulate but occasionally finely so at the apex; bald; whitish to brownish; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White, or faintly yellowish in the stem apex; not changing when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia negative on cap surface; pinkish on flesh. KOH negative on cap surface; negative on flesh. Iron salts negative on cap surface; negative on flesh.

Spore Print: Not documented.

Microscopic Features: Spores 14-16 x 4-4.5 m; narrowly fusiform; smooth; yellowish in KOH. Hymenial cystidia to 50 x 12.5 m; lageniform; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a collapsing trichoderm of elements 5-10 m wide; slightly gelatinized in places; hyaline in KOH; terminal cells cylindric, often short-septate and clavate to apically pinched.

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Favolus brasiliensis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Favolus_brasiliensis.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of various hardwoods; causing a white rot; growing alone, gregariously, or in overlapping clusters; found year-round; originally described from Cuba (Fries 1821); distributed throughout the tropics in North America, Central America, and South America; also found in the Caribbean. The illustrated and described collection is from Texas.

Cap: 1.5-6.5 cm across; semicircular to round or lobed in outline; planoconvex becoming shallowly vase-shaped; thin; dry; finely fuzzy or nearly bald; white to pale yellowish; radially wrinkled or lined at maturity.

Pore Surface: Running down the stem; pores elongated and hexagonal, up to 5 mm long and 1 mm wide; white to pale yellowish; not bruising.

Stem: Usually lateral or off-center; 1-2 cm long; up to 5 mm thick; tough; white.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor slightly foul, especially in rehydrated material; taste not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-11 x 3-4 m; elongated-ellipsoid or subcylindric; smooth; hyaline and uni-, bi-, or multiguttulate in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 24-28 x 4-5 m; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Setae not found. Hyphal system dimitic: generative hyphae 3-5 m wide, thin-walled, smooth, clamped at septa; skeletal hyphae 4-8 m wide, thick-walled; smooth; aseptate.

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Omphalina epichysium

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Omphalina_epichysium.html

Ecology: Possibly saprobic but apparently involved in some sort of mutualism with moss; growing alone, gregariously, or in clusters on the dead wood of hardwoods and conifers; spring through fall; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 1.5-5 cm across; planoconvex at first, becoming centrally depressed or vase-shaped; fairly smooth; the margin inrolled at first and later lined, often nearly to the center; blackish to dark grayish brown, fading markedly as it dries out and eventually pale grayish brown.

Gills: Running down the stem; close or nearly distant; pale gray.

Stem: Up to 3 cm long and 3 mm thick; more or less equal; dry; smooth or minutely hairy; colored like the cap but not fading as quickly.

Flesh: Insubstantial; watery grayish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-9 x 4-5 ; smooth; elliptical; inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

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Polyporus varius

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Polyporus_varius.html

Ecology: Saprobic on decaying hardwood sticks and small logs that have lost their bark; causing a white rot; growing alone or scattered; first appearing in late spring and early summer, but often collected in summer and fall; widely distributed in North America; also known from South America, Europe, Asia, and Australasia. The illustrated and described collections are from California, Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and North Carolina.

Cap: 2-7 cm; planoconvex to flat, developing a central depression and an uplifted margin; usually round in outline, but sometimes cleft or somewhat kidney-shaped; dry; bald or very finely radially appressed-fibrillose; dull yellow to pale tan.

Pore Surface: Running down the stem; whitish to pale grayish when young, becoming dingy brownish in age; sometimes bruising faintly brownish; with 3-5 angular pores per mm at maturity; tubes 1-3 mm deep.

Stem: Central or off-center to lateral; 1-3 cm long; 2-7 mm wide; tapered slightly to base; often curving; dry; bald and pale tan at the apex, becoming finely velvety and dark brown to black from the base upward; tough.

Flesh: Whitish to dingy yellowish; unchanging when sliced; thin; very tough.

Odor and Taste: Odor usually fragrant; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH brownish orange on flesh and cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 2-3 m; cylindric; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored. Setae not found. Cystidioles 20-27 x 4-9 m; lageniform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Hyphal system dimitic. Generative hyphae 3-6 m wide, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline in KOH, clamped at septa. Skeletal hyphae 2-5 m wide, thick-walled, nonseptate, branching, smooth, hyaline to brownish in KOH.

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Panaeolus papilionaceus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Panaeolus_papilionaceus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone to gregariously in the dung of horses and cows; common; widely distributed in North America; spring, summer, and fall (and over winter in warmer climates).

Cap: 1-5 cm; obtusely conical to bell shaped or nearly spherical when young, expanding slightly (often to broadly bell-shaped) with age; dry; smooth to silky when young, often becoming finely hairy or prominently cracked with age; sometimes with a reticulate network of raised ridges; whitish, gray, brownish, brown, or reddish brown; sometimes developing olive discolorations; the margin hung with white, toothlike partial veil fragments, at least when young (check this feature in the field, since the fragments are easily shed in collection bags).

Gills: Attached to the stem, or pulling away from it with maturity; close or crowded; grayish when young, but soon developing black areas and acquiring a mottled appearance; eventually black overall; with whitish edges.

Stem: 4-16 cm long; up to 5 mm thick; more or less equal; finely hairy; often brittle; colored more or less like the cap, but paler at the apex and darkening or turning reddish toward the base with maturity or on handling.

Flesh: Insubstantial.

Spore Print: Black or blackish.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface dull orangish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 11-18.5 x 7.5-12 ; more or less elliptical, with a pore; smooth; dextrinoid; not discoloring in concentrated sulphuric acid. Basidia 4-sterigmate; abruptly clavate. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia abundant; subcylindric, often subcapitate or capitate. Pileipellis an epithelium, often featuring pileocystidia.

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Amanita bisporigera

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Amanita_bisporigera.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks, and possibly with other hardwoods; summer and fall; widely distributed and common in eastern North America from Texas to the north woods and the maritime provinces.

Cap: 2.5-10 cm; almost oval, becoming convex, then broadly convex to somewhat bell-shaped or nearly flat in age; bald (very rarely with a volval patch); dry or a little sticky; stark white to ivory, sometimes discoloring towards the center in age--or rarely a little yellowish or pinkish with maturity; the margin not lined.

Gills: Free, or nearly free, from the stem; close or crowded; with frequent short-gills; white.

Stem: 5.5-14 cm long; 0.5-2 cm thick; usually tapering somewhat to apex and flaring to an enlarged base; somewhat shaggy or nearly bald; white; with a persistent, thin, high, skirtlike ring; with a white, sacklike volva encasing the base, which may be underground or broken up.

Flesh: White throughout.

Odor: Not distinctive in young specimens, but often becoming foul and unpleasant (sickly sweet, or reminiscent of rotting meat) with old age.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH bright yellow on cap surface.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 6-9 ; smooth; globose to subglobose or very broadly ellipsoid; amyloid. Basidia without clamps; 2-spored--or, according to Rod Tulloss (http://www.amanitaceae.org/?Phalloideae+of+North+and+Central+America" TARGET="new possibly 2-spored early in the season and 4-spored as the season progresses. Pileipellis a cutis or ixocutis of hyphae 2-6 wide. Lamellar trama bilateral; subhymenium ramose.

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Pseudocolus fusiformis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pseudocolus_fusiformis.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously; often found in urban settings but sometimes appearing in woods as well; year-round, depending on climate; Australasia, Japan, Africa, South America, and, in North America, from Maine through Mexico to Central America. The illustrated and described collections are from Indiana, Massachusetts, and Ohio.

Immature Fruiting Body: Initially a whitish to slightly brownish "egg," partially submerged in the substrate, from which the stinkhorn emerges with development.

Mature Fruiting Body: 3-6 cm high, consisting of a short stem dividing into 3-4 vertical arms that are joined at their tips. Stem about 1-1.5 cm long and 1 cm thick; whitish to pale orange; hollow; surface spongy and finely pocketed; encased in a white to brownish, sack-like volva; attached to numerous white rhizomorphs. Arms with flattened or concave outer sides and convex inner sides; 0.5-1 cm thick; tapering to apex; spongy and pocketed; hollow; orange to reddish orange; inner, convex surfaces covered with dark brown spore slime when fresh.

Odor: Strong and unpleasant.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-5.5 x 1-2 m; cylindric; smooth; hyaline to ochraceous in KOH. Sphaerocysts of the arms 11-29 m across; subglobose to irregular; smooth; hyaline to orangish in KOH; walls 0.5-1 m thick. Hyphae of the volva 2-10 m wide; smooth; hyaline in KOH; thin-walled; occasionally branching. Clamp connections not found.

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Tubaria furfuracea

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Tubaria_furfuracea.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously, usually on deadwood or woody debris; often found in urban settings in mulch, wood chips, or disturbed ground, but also found in woods on or around decaying logs and stumps; more likely to appear in winter or spring, but also appearing in summer and fall; originally described from Germany (Schaeffer 1772); widespread in Eurasia, North America, and Oceania; reported from Central America, South America, and southern Africa. The illustrated and described collections are from California, Illinois, Kentucky, and Ohio.

Cap: 1-4 cm across; convex at first, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; moist or dry; brown to cinnamon brown, fading to dull brownish or nearly buff; more or less bald, but when fresh usually adorned with whitish partial veil fibrils and remnants, especially in the marginal half; the margin not lined, or only faintly so.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; pale brownish to brownish yellow at first, becoming darker brown; edges faintly whitish at maturity.

Stem: 2-5 cm long and 1-4 mm thick; more or less equal; usually at least slightly fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly; whitish to brownish or brown; occasionally with a poorly defined, ephemeral ring zone but without a true ring; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Brownish to whitish; insubstantial; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive, or slightly fragrant.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative or grayish.

Spore Print: When fresh brownish yellow to cinnamon brown; dried prints are brown to cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6.5-9.5 x 4-5.5 m; ellipsoid, with a tiny apiculus but without a pore; smooth; pale brown to dull yellowish in KOH, with multiple droplets; inamyloid; occasionally collapsing in both KOH and Melzer's mounts. Basidia 25-35 x 4-6 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cheilocystidia 30-70 x 8-12.5 m; cylindric, with apices usually capitate but sometimes clavate, subclavate, or merely rounded; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pleurocystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis; elements 5-15 m wide, smooth or slightly brownish-encrusted, hyaline to brown in KOH. Clamp connections present.

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Colpoma quercinum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Colpoma_quercinum.html

Ecology: Parasitic and saprobic; growing gregariously on the living and fallen twigs of oaks; spring and early summer; North American distribution uncertain but probably widespread east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Fruiting Body: Disc-like; 2-5 mm across; roughly circular in outline when viewed from above; upper surface yellow, bald, smooth; encasement surrounding the edges and underside of the disc, brownish black, tissue-like, with a torn outer edge; odorless.

Microscopic Features: Spores 70-90 x 1-2 ; needle-shaped; smooth; often curved; hyaline in KOH. Asci 140-175 x 10-15 ; subclavate to subfusiform, with subacute apices; hyaline. Paraphyses 150-250 x 1 ; filiform; projecting well beyond asci; apices developing curls and spirals; hyaline.

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Lactarius piperatus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lactarius_piperatus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks and other hardwoods; growing scattered, gregariously, or sometimes in dense troops; summer; apparently widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains.

Cap: 4-15 cm; broadly convex, becoming flat, shallowly depressed, or vase-shaped; dry; the margin even; bald; white or whitish, sometimes discoloring a little yellowish or brownish with age.

Gills: Attached to the stem or running slightly down it; very crowded; forking frequently; white becoming pale cream.

Stem: 2-8 cm long; 1-2.5 cm thick; white; more or less equal, or tapering a little to base; bald; without potholes; solid.

Flesh: White; thick; hard; sometimes discoloring yellowish with age.

Milk: Copious; white; unchanging after exposure, or changing slowly to yellowish; not staining tissues, or staining them slightly yellowish; not staining white paper.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste excruciatingly acrid.

Chemical Reactions: KOH pale magenta on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-10 x 5-8 ; broadly ellipsoid; ornamentation less than 0.5 high, as scattered warts and lines that occasionally form vague patterns but do not form reticula. Pleuromacrocystidia up to about 70 long; subcylindric. Cheilocystidia similar. Pileipellis a hyphoepithelium with the upper, cutis-like layer very thin and the lower, cellular layer easily demonstrated.

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Tarzetta bronca

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Tarzetta_bronca.html

Ecology: Uncertain; one recent investigation (Tedersoo and collaborators, 2006) suggests that at least some species of Tarzetta are mycorrhizal; growing alone, gregariously, or in small clusters; terrestrial; found under conifers or hardwoods; summer; widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: Goblet-shaped from youth to maturity; 1-4 cm across; upper/inner surface smooth, creamy to yellowish, yellow, or occasionally olive buff; outer surface hairy to mealy or granular; creamy to yellowish or yellow; the margin often densely hairy or jagged; usually without a stem or pseudostem, but occasionally with a pinched-together base; odor not distinctive; flesh pale.

Microscopic Features: Spores elliptical; smooth; hyaline; of two types, according to Kanouse (1950): 20-24 x 12-13 , with 1-2 large oil droplets; and 12-14 x 8-9 , with 2 small oil droplets (my collection demonstrated this "heterosporous condition," but I also noticed spores intermediating between the two types). Paraphyses variable: with slightly thickened tips, with lobed or forked tips, or with hydra-like tips. Tips of asci not bluing in Melzer's reagent.

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Ascocoryne cylichnium

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Ascocoryne_cylichnium.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the well-decayed, wet wood of hardwoods or conifers; usually growing gregariously or clustered; fall and winter; widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: 5-22 mm across; disc-shaped to cup-shaped or goblet-shaped; gelatinous; upper surface purple and bald; undersurface similar to upper surface, or paler and finely fuzzy; with or without a poorly defined stem-like structure; odorless.

Microscopic Features: Spores 18-27 x 4-6 ; smooth; fusiform; multiguttulate; developing several septa with maturity; often with small, subglobose conidia forming, especially at the ends (conidia not coalescing into chains). Asci eight-spored; up to 220 x 15 ; extreme apices blue in Melzer's reagent. Paraphyses filiform, with subclavate to clavate or subcapitate apices 1-3 wide.

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Clavaria vermicularis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Clavaria_vermicularis.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing in clusters, often with with fused bases--or occasionally growing gregariously; found in woods under hardwoods or conifers, especially in moss and in moist areas; summer and fall, or over winter in California; widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: 3-12 cm high; 1-5 mm wide; cylindrical and unbranched--or occasionally developing a few branches at the tip; sometimes flattened or grooved; dry or moist; white or translucent; often curved; usually with a somewhat pointed tip that discolors yellowish or pale brownish.

Flesh: White; thin.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: Irons salts negative on all surfaces. KOH negative on all surfaces.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4.5-7 x 2.5-4 ; ellipsoid; smooth; with an apiculus. Basidia clavate; 30-45 x 6-8 ; 4-sterigmate; not basally clamped. Clamp connections absent.

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Xeromphalina campanella

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Xeromphalina_campanella.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of conifers; typically growing in dense clusters on stumps and logs, but occasionally growing alone or gregariously; found nearly year-round, especially in warmer climates, but most common in summer and fall; apparently widely distributed in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Michigan, Colorado, and Texas.

Cap: 5-20 mm across; convex, becoming broadly convex with a central depression and an arched margin; bald; dry; widely lined on the margin when wet; brownish yellow, rusty, yellowish, or orange; usually darker towards the center; fading.

Gills: Running down the stem; fairly distant; usually with many cross-veins; pale yellow or orangish; short-gills present near the cap margin.

Stem: 1.5-3 cm long; 1-2 mm thick; more or less equal; yellowish above, darker below; bald above, finely hairy at the base with orange to yellow basal mycelium; rather wiry and tough; often curved.

Flesh: Insubstantial.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5.5-7 x 3-4.5 m; smooth; ellipsoid; weakly to moderately amyloid. Pleuro- and cheilocystidia fusiform; up to about 55 x 15 m. Caulocystidia clavate to fusiform; up to 75 x 15 m; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present.

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Calvatia craniiformis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Calvatia_craniiformis.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously in grassy areas-including urban settings like lawns and roadsides, but also at the edges of woods, in ditches, and in waste places; summer and fall; widely distributed and common from the northeastern United States to the Rocky Mountains and the Southwest--but virtually absent west of the Rockies. The illustrated and described collection is from Missouri.

Fruiting Body: 5-15 cm tall; 5-10 cm across (but also reported up to about twice this size); ball-shaped when young but soon developing a sterile base and becoming shaped like an inverted pear or a skull.

Outer Surface: Whitish to pale brownish; bald; bruising brownish where handled; the skin about 1 mm thick.

Interior: White and firm when young; soon becoming two-chambered texturally, with the basal portion distinct from the upper portion; upper portion becoming yellowish and finally olive brown as it matures and turns to spore dust; basal portion turning yellowish, then olive as it matures.

Over-Mature Specimens: After the top ruptures and the spore mass is dispersed, the sterile base can remain, cup-like, with a ragged upper edge, for weeks.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Dust: Olive brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 2.5-3 m; globose or subglobose; nearly smooth; with or without a short pedicel; olive yellow in KOH; inamyloid. Capillitial threads 2-4 m wide; smooth; thick-walled; occasionally septate and then slightly swollen on either side of the septum; olive in KOH.

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Clavulinopsis fusiformis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Clavulinopsis_fusiformis.html

Ecology: Presumably saprobic; growing in dense clusters with fused bases, or occasionally gregariously; in woods under hardwoods or conifers, sometimes in grass; summer and fall; widely distributed but more common in northern North America.

Fruiting Body: 5-15 cm high; up to 1.5 cm wide; cylindrical and unbranched; often flattening; sometimes grooved; dry; bright or pale yellow, or orange-yellow; fading with age; white at the extreme base; usually with a somewhat pointed tip.

Flesh: Yellow; thin.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste bitter.

Chemical Reactions: Surface negative with KOH.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-9 x 4.5-9 ; subglobose or broadly ellipsoid; smooth; with a prominent apiculus 1-2 long. Basidia 40-65 long; clavate; basally clamped; 4-spored. Clamp connections present.

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Cyptotrama asprata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cyptotrama_asprata.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing scattered to gregariously on deadwood of hardwoods or conifers; summer, or over winter in warmer climates; widely distributed in eastern North America, and also reported from Texas and the Southwest. The illustrated and described collections are from Ohio and Québec.

Cap: 9-20 mm; convex, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat; dry; granular dusted when young, remaining granular or becoming nearly bald with age; bright yellow to orangish yellow or dull yellow, darkening to brownish yellow with age; the margin sometimes becoming widely lined at maturity; the disc sometimes becoming wrinkled or nearly reticulate with age.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem or beginning to run down it; distant; white; short-gills occasional.

Stem: 10-40 mm long; 1-3 mm thick; more or less equal above, or tapering to base; often with a slight basal swelling; finely granular; dry; colored like the cap, or more pale.

Flesh: Whitish to yellowish; not changing when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH pink on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-11 x 6-7 ; limoniform to sublacrymoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; not cyanophilic; inamyloid. Cheilocystidia cylindric to subfusiform, with subcapitate or merely rounded apices; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH; 35-85 x 5-10 . Pleurocystidia scattered; similar to cheilocystidia, or more widely fusiform. Lamellar trama divergent. Pileipellis hymeniform (a turf of clavate to pyriform elements); elements thin- or thick-walled, golden in KOH, interspersed with scattered fusiform pileocystidia.

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Helvella macropus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Helvella_macropus.html

Ecology: Probably mycorrhizal; growing alone or gregariously on the ground or in moss under hardwoods (especially oaks) or conifers, or on rotting wood; summer and fall--or over winter in warm climates; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 1-6 cm across; cup-shaped or disc-shaped--or occasionally nearly flat; upper surface medium to dark grayish brown, bald; undersurface light to medium grayish brown, finely to prominently pustulate-hairy (especially near the margin).

Flesh: Insubstantial.

Stem: 1-7 cm long (but usually longer, at maturity, than the cap is wide); 1-5 mm thick; more or less equal; sometimes with clefts near the base; medium brown (usually colored like the undersurface of the cap); whitish near the base; finely hairy or nearly bald with age.

Microscopic Features: Spores 18-25 x 10-12.5 ; fusoid to subfusoid (but occasional ellipsoid spores are often present, especially when still in asci); smooth or roughened; when fresh triguttulate with one large central oil droplet and another, smaller oil droplet at each end, but when revived usually with one large oil droplet and varying smaller droplets. Paraphyses hyaline to ochraceous; apices subclavate, clavate, or subcapitate, 5-10 wide. Excipular surface elements hyaline to brownish; often arranged in short to long fascicles; frequently septate; terminal cells subglobose.

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Mycorrhaphium adustum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Mycorrhaphium_adustum.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; growing alone or in clusters on sticks or small logs rather than larger logs or stumps; summer and fall; originally described from North Carolina (Schweinitz 1822); widely distributed in North America east of the Great Plains; reliably documented from the Caribbean, Central America, Brazil, and Russia (records from eastern Asia probably represent Mycorrhaphium subadustum). The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 4-8 cm across; sometimes circular in outline, but also frequently kidney-shaped, irregular, or even lobed; flat to shallowly depressed; dry; bald or finely velvety; often roughened and/or lumpy; white to buff, tan, or grayish, with concentric zones of texture or color; bruising slowly grayish; the margin thin, dark brown to black by maturity.

Undersurface: Running far down the stem; often appearing poroid when young or, later, toward the margin, but elsewhere toothed; spines 2-5 mm long, tightly packed, white at first, becoming yellowish to brownish, then dark brown and eventually black from the margin inward, bruising slowly purplish brown to dark brown, and eventually black.

Stem: Sometimes absent or severely reduced; when present 1-4 x 0.5-1 cm; central or lateral; bald or finely velvety; whitish to dull orangish; bruising slowly dark brown to black.

Flesh: White; tough; unchanging when sliced; zoned in the stem.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to yellowish or faintly orangish on cap surface, teeth, flesh.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-4 x 0.5-1 m (unfortunately too small for a decent micro-photo, despite many attempts); allantoid or subcylindric; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Spine trama parallel. Basidia 8-11 x 2.5-3.5 m; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found, but hyphal ends from spine trama project from the end of the spines, appearing like cheilocystidia. Setae not found. Hyphal system monomitic in tube trama; dimitic in flesh. Generative hyphae 3-7 m wide; smooth; thin- or thick-walled; with clamp connections; hyaline in KOH. Skeletal hyphae 2-4 m wide; aseptate; thick-walled; hyaline to yellowish in KOH.

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Sarcodon scabrosus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Sarcodon_scabrosus.html

Ecology: As a species group, mycorrhizal with conifers and hardwoods; growing alone or or gregariously; summer; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 3-10 cm wide; convex to broadly convex with a central depression; dry; when young appressed-hairy to sub-scaly; with maturity developing well defined scales with darkened tips; reddish brown to purplish brown; the margin often inrolled.

Undersurface: Running down the stem; covered with crowded spines or "teeth" that are 2-8 mm long; pale brown with whitish tips at first, becoming darker brown overall with age.

Stem: 4-10 cm long; 1-2.5 cm thick; often tapered to the base, which frequently extends into the ground like a root; dry; fairly smooth, except where punctuated by aborted spines; pale or brownish; base with prominent white to pink mycelium over a greenish to bluish or black ground color.

Flesh: Whitish to pinkish; gray to black or greenish in stem base; soft.

Odor and Taste: Taste bitter (sometimes developing slowly); odor mealy, or not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Flesh and cap surface at first green with KOH, then resolving to gray.

Spore Print: Brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7.5 ; irregularly globose to subglobose; nodulose. Clamp connections absent.

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Laccaria longipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Laccaria_longipes.html

Ecology: Presumably mycorrhizal with conifers and northern hardwoods, but possibly saprobic; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously in sphagnum bogs; fall; distributed in the Great Lakes region.

Cap: 1-8 cm; convex, becoming flat or with a shallow central depression; the margin usually lined; finely hairy; orangish brown, fading with age.

Gills: Attached to the stem; distant or nearly so; pinkish flesh color.

Stem: 7-15 cm long; up to about 1 cm thick; equal or with a slightly enlarged base; hairy; colored like the cap; with whitish basal mycelium.

Flesh: Thin; pinkish flesh colored.

Odor and Taste: Taste not distinctive or slightly bitter; odor not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-8 x 6-8 ; globose or subglobose; ornamented with spines mostly about 1 long, with bases < 1 wide; inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis of elements 5-10 wide, occasionally aggregated into upright bundles; terminal cells subclavate to cylindric.

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Clavulina cristata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Clavulina_cristata.html

Ecology: Presumed to be mycorrhizal with conifers and perhaps with hardwoods; growing alone, gregariously, or in clusters; summer and fall (over winter in warm climates); widely distributed in North America.

Fruiting Body: 2-10 cm high; 3-10 cm wide; sparingly to (more commonly) repeatedly branched.

Branches: 2-5 mm thick; smooth; white, sometimes becoming pinkish to pale pinkish brown with age; tips colored like the sides, flattened and "cristate" with several sharp points; grayish to brownish when dried for the herbarium; when parasitized becoming dark gray to black from the base upward, and eventually blackish overall.

Base: When present .5-3 cm long; up to about 0.5 cm wide; white (gray to black when parasitized).

Flesh: Whitish; fairly brittle.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Chemical Reactions: Irons salts negative on branches.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-11 x 6.5-10 ; subglobose; smooth; with an apiculus. Basidia clavate; 40-60 x 6-8 ; 2-sterigmate with long (5-7 ), incurved sterigmata. Clamp connections present.

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Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Pseudohydnum_gelatinosum.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the wood or woody debris of conifers, causing a white rot; sometimes growing from standing trees; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; late summer and fall, or fall and winter in warmer climates; originally described from Slovenia; widely distributed in Europe, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America, Asia, and Oceania. The illustrated and described collections are from California and Michigan.

Cap: 2.5-5.5 cm across; tongue-shaped or kidney-shaped; broadly convex or flat; gelatinous but not slimy to the touch; smooth or finely fuzzy; translucent white to grayish, brown, or fairly dark brown; the margin tucked under when young.

Undersurface: Running down the stem; spines to 2 mm long; translucent white or pale grayish.

Stem: To 3 cm long; either lateral and stubby (when specimens are growing from the sides of logs) or well-developed and vertical (when specimens are growing from the tops of logs or from terrestrial woody debris); gelatinous; smooth; colored like the cap or paler.

Flesh: Translucent; gelatinous.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-7 x 5-7 m; subglobose to very broadly ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; germinating by repetition. Probasidia 25 x 6 m; clavate. Basidia 10-12 x 10-20 m; subglobose/clavate; cruciate-septate; with 2 or 4 sterigmata 5-12 m long. Hyphae 2-3 m wide; smooth; hyaline in KOH; clamped at septa.

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Tylopilus variobrunneus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Tylopilus_variobrunneus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; probably widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. The illustrated and described collection is from Illinois.

Cap: 5-12 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat in age; dry; bald at maturity; medium grayish brown, fading to tan.

Pore Surface: Creamy white, becoming pinkish brown; bruising promptly brown; pores circular to angular, 1-3 per mm; tubes to 10 mm deep.

Stem: 3-10 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; more or less equal; brownish; reticulate with a fine, brown reticulum; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White; staining slowly brownish when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild, not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: Ammonia pinkish orange on cap surface; negative on flesh. KOH dark red to dark gray on cap surface; yellowish to orangish on flesh. Iron salts grayish green on cap surface; bluish on flesh.

Spore Print: Brownish pink to pinkish brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-13 x 3.5-4.5 m; subfusiform; smooth; hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Hymenial cystidia fusoid-ventricose; golden in KOH. Pileipellis a collapsing trichoderm; golden in KOH; terminal cells cylindric with rounded or fusiform-cystidioid apices, 2.5-5 m wide.

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Helvella dryophila

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Helvella_dryophila.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with coast live oak and other oaks on the West Coast; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; originally described from northern California (Vellinga & Nguyen 2013; the type collection was made on the the UC Berkeley campus); found from Oregon to southern California, eastward to the Sierra Nevada. The illustrated and described collections are from northern California.

Cap: 1.5-4.5 cm across and 2-3.5 cm high; irregularly lobed and convoluted; black to dark gray; bald but wrinkled; the margin attached to the stem in several places; undersurface bald, gray to grayish brown.

Stem: 3-5.5 cm long; 1-2.5 cm thick; more or less equal; grayish to dark gray, discoloring yellowish with age; deeply and ornately ribbed and pocketed; ribs with blunt edges; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Thin; brittle; chambered; whitish to grayish.

Odor: Not distinctive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 15-20 x 10-13 m; broadly ellipsoid; smooth; with one oil large droplet; hyaline in KOH and in water. Asci 200-250 x 7.5-10 m; 8-spored. Paraphyses 200-275 x 2.5-6 m; filiform, with rounded to clavate, subcapitate, or irregularly swollen apices; smooth; hyaline to brown, often with granular contents. Excipular surface a palisade of clavate, hyaline to brown terminal elements 15-20 x 5-12.5 m.

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Arachnion album

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Arachnion_album.html

Ecology: Saprobic; terrestrial; growing gregariously in or near grassy areas (lawns, pastures, ditches, golf courses, and so on); summer and fall; widely distributed and fairly common east of the Rocky Mountains; rarely reported from Oregon. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Indiana.

Fruiting Body: Shaped like a ball, or nearly so; 1-2.5 cm across; 1-2.5 cm high; whitish to very pale brownish when fresh, becoming brownish with old age; surface bald; skin paper thin; interior composed of tiny sand-like granules-white at first, then yellowish, then light gray and eventually dark gray; sterile base absent.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-5 x 3-4 m; broadly ellipsoid or occasionally subglobose, with or without a short (1-2 m) pedicel; smooth; hyaline to greenish-yellowish in KOH. Capillitium and paracapillitium not found. Peridioles 250-500 x 200-300 m; ellipsoid or subglobose; brownish yellow; filamentous hyaline hyphae 2-8 m wide present on the surfaces.

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Leucocybe candicans

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Leucocybe_candicans.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing scattered or gregariously in leaf litter under hardwoods or, less frequently, in needle duff under conifers; summer and fall; originally described from England (Bolton 1788); widely distributed in Europe and North America. The illustrated and described collection is from Illinois.

Cap: 1-2 cm across; convex, becoming broadly convex with a central depression; thin; moist or dry; at first with a hoary covering, but soon bald; faintly yellowish to grayish, becoming white; the margin not lined.

Gills: Beginning to run down the stem; close; short-gills frequent; white; becoming dull, pale yellow when dried for the herbarium.

Stem: 2-3.5 cm long; 2-3 mm thick; more or less equal; bald; whitish; with copious white basal mycelium.

Flesh: Thin; whitish; not changing when sliced

Odor: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to yellowish on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Details: Spores 3.5-5 x 2-2.5 m; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 28-30 x 4-5 m; subclavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis or ixocutis of elements 2.5-7.5 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH; clamp connections present.

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Crepidotus stipitatus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Crepidotus_stipitatus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing scattered, gregariously, or in overlapping clusters on the well-rotted, barkless deadwood of hardwoods; summer and fall; originally described (Kauffman 1918) from Michigan; widely distributed in North America from the Great Plains eastward; occasionally reported rom the Pacific Northwest. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois.

Cap: 4-30 mm across; convex, becoming broadly convex; semicircular to shell-shaped or fan-shaped in outline; bald; whitish or yellowish to brownish; hygrophanous; the margin finely translucent-lined.

Gills:: Beginning to run down the stem; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; rather thick; white to pinkish at first, becoming dull brownish in maturity.

Stem: 2-3 mm long; 1-2 mm thick; attached near the edge of the cap but not quite lateral; bald above, but with a fuzzy base; watery white.

Flesh: Soft; thin; whitish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: Brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4.5-5.5 m; globose or subglobose; very finely ornamented-echinulate; brownish yellow to yellow-brown in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 22-25 x 6-7.5 m; 4-sterigmate. Pleurocystidia not found. Cheilocystidia 25-35 x 5-7.5 m; cylindric to clavate or subutriform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis; elements 2.5-5 m wide, smooth, hyaline in KOH. Clamp connections present.

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Inocybe calospora

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Inocybe_calospora.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods; growing gregariously (according to Kauffman, "usually . . . in patches of about a dozen," which aptly describes my collection); summer and fall; widely distributed in eastern North America.

Cap: 1-3 cm; conical at first, becoming broadly bell-shaped or flat with a pointy central bump; dry; scaly; dark brown to brown.

Gills: Attached to the stem (sometimes by a notch) or nearly free from it; close or nearly distant; whitish to pale tan, becoming medium brown or cinnamon brown, with white edges.

Stem: 2-6 cm long; up to 3 mm thick; more or less equal, with a small basal bulb; dry; very finely hairy; usually pale cinnamon brown to pale reddish brown (sometimes whitish or dark brown); fairly tough; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Yellowish to brownish; insubstantial.

Odor: Slightly sweet and fragrant, or not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative to slightly pinkish.

Spore Print: Brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9.5-13.5 x 8.5-11 (including ornamentation); round or nearly so; covered with prominent spines 2-3 long. Pleurocystidia scattered; up to 55 x 17 ; fusoid or clavate, often with a flattened apex; thick-walled; sparsely apically encrusted.

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Megacollybia rodmani

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Megacollybia_rodmani.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously on rotting hardwood logs or from buried deadwood; May through July; fairly widely distributed and common east of the Rocky Mountains, south through Mexico to Central America.

Cap: 3-20 cm; convex when young, becoming broadly convex to flat or shallowly depressed in age; dry; brown to olive brown or pale grayish brown in form rodmani; gray-brown to gray in form murina; radially streaked.

Gills: Attached to the stem broadly or narrowly; close or nearly distant; whitish.

Stem: 5-12 cm long and up to 1 cm wide in form rodmani; 5-9 cm long and up to 2.5 cm wide in form murina; finely silky; whitish; more or less equal above a slightly enlarged base--or tapering slightly to apex; base attached to copious and conspicuous rhizomorphs in form murina, or with inconspicuous or even absent rhizomorphs in form rodmani .

Flesh: Whitish, not changing when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Taste mild; odor not distinctive.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 5-7.5 ; smooth; ellipsoid; inamyloid. Cheilocystidia abundant; primarily clavate; to about 60 long and not projecting in form rodmani; to about 80 long and usually projecting in form murina. Pileipellis a cutis of elements 4-9 wide, with brownish contents; terminal elements frequently erect, with clavate to subclavate or merely cylindric tips, 23-74 x 6-16 . Clamp connections present.

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Byssocorticium atrovirens

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Byssocorticium_atrovirens.html

Ecology: Possibly mycorrhizal (Tedersoo et al. 2010); growing alone or gregariously on deadwood and forest debris-frequently on the undersides of well-rotted logs; late summer through fall; originally described from Sweden (Fries 1828) and neotypified from Great Britain (Hjortstam 1987); widely distributed in Europe and North America. The illustrated and described collection is from New Hampshire.

Fruiting Body: Forming resupinate patches 2-5 cm across; surface finely fuzzy, grayish blue with greenish tints, dry; flesh extremely thin, cottony; edges poorly defined.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3-4 m; subglobose, with an apiculus; smooth; thick-walled; hyaline and often uniguttulate in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia about 20 x 5 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Hyphal system monomitic; hyphae 2-4 m wide, smooth, frequently branched, hyaline to bluish in KOH; clamp connections not found.

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Cerrena unicolor

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cerrena_unicolor.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods (very rarely reported on conifers); causing a white rot; annual; growing in overlapping clusters; found year-round; widely distributed in North America but rare or absent in the Southwest.

Fruiting Body: Sometimes lacking a cap (especially when growing on the undersides of logs), appearing like a pore surface that lost its mushroom, but more commonly with a kidney-shaped to fan-shaped cap 3-10 cm across; upper surface velvety to hairy, whitish to brownish but often appearing green from algae; usually with concentric zones of texture and/or color.

Pore Surface: Whitish when young, becoming gray; pores maze-like or slot-like, becoming tooth-like with age; tubes to 4 mm deep.

Flesh: Whitish; with a dark line just beneath the cap surface; leathery.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 5-7 x 2.5-4 ; smooth; long-elliptical; inamyloid; hyaline in KOH. Hyphal system trimitic.

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Inocybe geophylla

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Inocybe_geophylla.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods and conifers; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall (and winter in warm climates); widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 1-4 cm; conical at first, becoming broadly bell-shaped or broadly convex; dry; silky or almost smooth; whitish; the margin often splitting when mature.

Gills: Attached to the stem, sometimes by a notch; close; whitish, becoming grayish brown and eventually medium brown; covered at first by a cob-webby white cortina.

Stem: 1-6 cm long; up to about .5 cm thick; more or less equal; dry; silky; whitish; fairly firm.

Flesh: Whitish; insubstantial.

Odor: Spermatic or sometimes not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: Dull brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 8-10 x 4.5-6 ; more or less elliptical; smooth. Cystidia up to 70 x 20 ; fusoid or fusoid-ventricose, often with a flattened apex; abundant; thick-walled; apically encrusted.

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